GPAT & NIPER Notes -5

• CAPSULE NO & THEIR APPROXIMATE CAPACITY IN mg & ml
  
  
  000  -  950  - 1.37
  00   -  650   - 0.95
  0     -  450  - 0.68
  1     -  300  - 0.50
  2     -  250  - 0.37
  3     -  200  - 0.30
  4     -  150  - 0.21
  5     -  100  - 0.13
  
  
  
  
  PROPORTIONS REQUIRED FOR A PRIMARY EMULSION
  
  
                      (oil:water:gum)
  Fixed oils :-  4:2:1
  Volatile oils:- 2:2:1
  Mineral oils:- 3:2:1
  Oleoresins:- 1:2:1
  
  
  
  
  CODE:  LPSO ( apply this for tweens & spans)
  
  
  for eg .. spans 20  mean     sorbitan mono laurate
                tween 80  mean     Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate
  
  
  L :  Laurate   - 20
  P : Palmitate - 40
  S : Stearate -  60
  O : Oleate    -  80
  
  
  
  
  SOLUBILITY
  
  
  DESCRIPTIVE TERM     -   APPROX VOL OF SOLVENT IN ml/gm OF SOLUTE
  
  
  Very soluble                 -    less than 1
  Freely soluble              -    1 - 10
  Soluble                        -    10 - 30
  Sparingly soluble   -    30 - 100
  Slightly soluble            -   100 - 1000
  Very slightly soluble    -   1000 - 10,000
  Practically insoluble    -    more than 10,000
  
  
  
  
  STORAGE TEMPERATURE
   Cold   -     2 - 8  degree centi
  Cool  -      8 - 25
  Room  -  temp prevailing in the working area
  Warm -  between 30 - 40
  Excessive heat  -  > 40 degree  
  
  
  
  
  SUCROSE BASED DILUANTS 
  Dipac  -   97 % sucrose  + 3% moddified dextrose
  Nutab  -  95 % sucrose + 4 % invert sugar
  Sugar tab  -  90 - 93 % sucrose + 7 - 10 % invert sugar
  
  
  
  
  Compressibility index / carrs index = tapped density - bulk density / tapped density
  hausners ratio = tapped density / bulk density
  
  
  
  
  % CI                             FLOW CHARACTER                         HAUSNER RATIO
  
  
  < or =  10                        excellent                                               1 - 1.11
  11 - 15                                good                                                1.12 - 1.18
  16 - 20                                 fair                                                  1.19 - 1.25
  21 - 25                             passable                                             1.26 - 1.34 
  26 - 31                                poor                                                1.35 - 1.45
  32 - 37                            very poor                                            1.46 - 1.59
  >38                              very very poor                                           > 1.6
  
  
  
  
  
  
  ANGLE OF REPOSE                   FLOW CHARACTER
  
  
  25 - 30                           -              Excellent
  31 - 35                           -              Good
  36 - 40                           -               Fair
  41 - 45                           -              Passable
  46 - 55                           -                poor
  56 - 65                           -             Very poor
  >66                               -           very very poor
  
  
  
  
  
  
  Types of Glass used in Pharmaceutical Industries
  Parenteral Use
  Type I Glass:
  Highly Resistant Borosillicate.
  Used for Buffered and Unbuffered aqueous solution.
  
  
  Type II Glas: 
  Highly Resistant Sodalime glass.
  Buffered aqueous solution below pH 7.0
  
  
  Type III Glass:
  Moderately Resistant Sodalime glass.
  Used for dry powder and oily solution.
  
  
  Non-Parenteral Use
  Type IV Glass:
  General Purpose Sodalime glass.
  Not for parenteral, for tablet,liquid oral and externals.
•  organic reactions imp for NIPER
  Name reactions – The Basis of Organic Chemistry
  You will find the details of the mechanism in text books or the following web sites:
  http://www.organic-chemistry.org/frames.htm?http://www.organic-chemistry.org/namedreactions/ or
  http://www.chemlin.de/chemistry/name_reactions.htm or
  http://www.tomchemie.de/Reaktionsmechanismen/reaktionsmechanismen.h...
  See More
•  Abbreviations
  Description of some Important Abbreviations:-
  
  
  
  
  AAAS                     American Association of Advancement of Science
  AALAS                   American Association for Laboratory Animal Science
  AIDS                      Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome              
  AIOPI                    Association of Information Officers of the Pharmaceutical Industry
  ALF                         American Liberation Front
  ANDA                    Abbreviated New Drug Application
  BEA                        Breeding for Experimental Animals
  BINAS                   Biosafety Information Network and Advisory Service
  BMA                      British Medical Association
  BMJ                       British Medical Journal
  BPC                        Bulk Pharmaceutical Chemicals
  BPI                         British Pharmaceutical Index
  BrAPP                   British Association of Pharmaceutical Physicians
  BUAV                    British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection
  CADD                    Computer Aided Drug Design
  CDC                        Centre for Disease Control
  CIOMS                  Council for International Organisations of Medical Sciences
  CPCSEA                                Committee for Purpose of Control & Supervision of Experimental Animals
  CPI                         Consumer Price Index  
  CRA                        Clinical Research Associate
  CRC                        Clinical Research Council
  CRF                        Case Report Form
  CRN                       Clinical Research Network
  CRO                       Contract Research Organisation
  CSM                       Committee on Safety of Medicines
  CTA                        Clinical Trial Authorisation (formerly the CTX, CTC, DDX)
  CTC                        Clinical Trial Certificate (Now CTA)
  CTC                        Clinical Trials Centre
  CTD                        Common Technical Document
  CTD                        Common Technical Document
  CTX                        Clinical Trial Exemption (Now CTA)
  DRA                       Drug Regulatory Affairs
  DUMP                   Disposal of Unwanted Medicines and Poisons
  EFPIA                    European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries & Associations
  EMEA                    European Medicine Agency       
  FDA                        Food & Drug Administration
  FIP                          International Pharmaceutical Federations
  GCP                       Good Clinical Practices
  GLP                        Good Laboratory Practices
  GMP                      Good Manufacturing Practices
  Gxp                        Generic term for good practice requirements in the Pharmaceutical industry
  HIS                         Indian Health Services
  HPLC                      High Performance Liquid Chromatography
  HRSA                     Health Resources & Service Administration
  IACUC                   Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
  IAES                       Institutional Animal Ethics Committee
  ICDRA                   International Conference for Drug Regulatory Authorities
  ICH                         International Conference on Harmonization of technical requirement for registration of pharmaceuticals
  IIG                          Inactive Ingredient Guide           
  IMP                        Investigational Medicinal Products IMP - Investigational Medicinal Products
  IMPD                     Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier
  INDA                     Investigational New Drug Application
  INN                        International non-proprietary names (for pharmaceutical substances)
  INTDIS                  International Drug Information System - the previous WHO adverse reactions database
  IPC                         Indian Pharmaceutical Congress
  IPGA                      Indian Pharmacy Graduate Association
  ISO                         International Organization for Standardization
  ISoP                       International Society of Pharmacovigilance
  ISPE                       International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology
  MedDRA              Medical Dictionary for Drug Regulatory Affairs
  NAFDAC               National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Nigeria
  NCPA                    National Community of Pharmacist Association
  NCPO                    National Conference of Pharmaceutical Organisations
  NDA                       New Drug Application
  NDMS                   National Disaster Medical System
  NME                      New Molecule Entity
  NSAID                   Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
  
  
  OTC                        Over-The-Counter
  
  
  PDS                        Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety (journal)
  
  
  PEM                       Prescription Event Monitoring
  
  
  PHRMA                Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association
  
  
  PIL                          Package Insert Leaflet
  PMDA                   Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Japan
  
  
  PMS                       Post-Marketing Surveillance
  
  
  POM                      Prescription Only Medicine
  
  
  PSM                       Procurement and Supply Management
  
  
  PSUR                     Periodic Safety Update Report
  
  
  QA                          Quality Assurance
  
  
  QSM-WHO         Quality Assurance and Safety of Medicines (WHO)
  R&D                       Research and Development
  RAPS                     Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society
  RCT                        Randomised Clinical Trials
  RDE                        Remote Data Entry
  RDS                        Research Defence Society
  REC                        Research Ethics Committee
  RGN                       Registered General Nurse
  RPSGB                  Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
  RSM                       Royal Society of Medicine
  Rx                           Prescription
  SARS                      Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
  SCDM                    Society for Clinical Data Management
  SIDS                       Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
  SIGAR                   Special Interest Group on Adverse Reactions
  TGA                       Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australia
  
  
  TMF                       Trial Master File
  TUFAM                 General Directorate of Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacy, Turkey
  UDV                       Unit Dose Vial
  UKECA                  United Kingdom Ethics Committee Authority
  USP                        United States Pharmacopoeia
  WIPO                    World Intellectual Patent Office
  
  
  
  
  
  
  For more info visit us at:- www.pharmatestseries.com
•  NIPER 2011 PAPER
  Niper 2011 Paper
  1)Plantago…seed,root,bark
  2)Aegle marmelose family…Rutaceae,malvaceae
  3)competitive inhibitor….increase substate level
  4)Short actin Drug….propofol,thiopental
  5)Morphine discovered in…1904,1820
  6)kaolin…hydrated Al silicate,hydrated Mg silicate
  7)Controlled Drug delivery sym which is usd…HPMC,phalate,DCP
  8)morphine…analgesic,anticonvulsant,both,none
  9)Dry heat soln filling…..Dry heat sterilizatn,moist heat,aseptic fillin
  10)D-glyceraldehyde configuration…S,R,RS
  11)D-threose,D-erythrose,Lthreose related ques
  12)erythrose and threose are???......distereoisomers,epimers,Enantiomers
  13)Kaya skin clinic by company…ITC,
  14)Indian institute of homeopathy??...Kolkata,jaipur,Bombay
  15)preterm delivery vch drug use??..Atosiben,sulfoprostone,oxytocin
  16)Psoralia obtaind from..Apigenin,Umbeliferone
  17)Vch of following obtaind frm marine????...pralidoxime,heparin,both,none
  18)Heparin ant..Ans protamine sulphate
  19) 8 hrs…40km/hr…60 km/hr….ans 400
  20)S is taller than a,a is taller than b lyk ques
  21)witting reaction…phosprous
  22)Cardinolide…butanone,batanedione,butanolides
  23)Propranolol chemical name
  24)Ehrlich reagent…P-dimethyl benzaldehyde
  25)BCE;FGI:…
  26)i-methyl benzoate..ii..phenyl acetate,,iii Acetophenone..IR range,,i=ii>iii,i>ii>iii
  27)NH gives peak at..780,1100,3400
  28)Stat phase nd mobile phase in RP chromatography..
  29)Intracutaneous Max vol….0.01,0.1,0.2,1
  30)BCCI memb
  31)Fecl3+catechol colour….purple,red,green
  32)Third generation sulphonamide usd in diabetis…Repaglinide,Glimipride,metformin,phenformin
  33)Endothelial cell present in..Blood,lung,
  34)Vch tissue has slowest equilibrium drug in blood…brain,fat,muscle,liver
  35)platelets obtained from?? Ans megakaryotes
  36)h2o nd D2O attack…Elimination,SN2,SN1
  37)Walden inversion….SN1,SN2,E1,E2
  38)Blood pH..7.4
  39)Crystalline str related ques…
  40)Vch method best suit to convert amorphous to crystalline….micronization,spray drying,any of above
  41)emulsion measurement not by….electric charge,light scaterin,
  42)DLVO theory…
  43)microemulsion globule size…
  44)beta galactosidase…SDS page…Band…2,1,,,,1,2….11….22…
  45)PCR sequence
  46)vch of following is not diuretic???..triamterine.indapamide,furosemide
  47)Vch f followinnot active??...Allene,biphenyl.meso tartaric,None…
  48)Gossypol…..not chiral,restricted rotation..
  49)Eucalyptos oil ctn…geraneol,1-8 cineole,
  50)AU..Bz..Cy….ans DX
  51)20student height 120,10 student height 100…Avg height ans 105
  52)Sania mirza….
  53)German company take over.teva,sanofi,Pfizer..
  54)book..fatima…
  55)WOF used in tretmnt of diarrohea…erythromycin,domperidone,cisapride nd one new drug
  56)cycloaddition..dial alder reactn
  57)thinamerin dehydrogenation produce….antracene,naphthalene…
  58)synthetic Ach better than natural Ach….due to slwer hydrolysis…
  59)If increase dose f salbutamol,decrease actn by…downregulation,upregulatin…
  60)vch is permeable..polystrene…
  61)bond energy…..
  62)Tymoleptics??
  63)Max absorption from cell memb….ionizdform,unionized form…
  64)WOf is not sede efeect of phenothiazine???
  65)WOFis not hepatotoxic??..rifampicin,isoniazid,ethambuto,streptomycin
  66)Inhibit Aminotranferase nd 30S….tetracycline,macrolide
  67)Inhibitr f 50 s ….macrlide,tetracycline
  68)synonym…Graphics
  69)Pictorial
  70)magnaminous
  71)Rebate
  72)WOF is antituberculosis drug???..Ethambutol..
  73)Relience take over vch air li9ne?
  74)Antinomycin D nd Rifampicin related confusin ques
  76)DNA polymerase havin activity??...5 to 3,3 to 5,5 to 3 wth exonuclease,
  77)SP angle…180
  78)sesqueterpene havin isoprene unit,,,ans 3
  79)In chewable tablet vch is usd?? Mannitol…
  80Manitol used bz..Ans negativ heat f soln
  81)CAP hydrolyze at pH….2.1..3.3…5.4….Ph indepedant
  82)Anandamide….
  83)Condensed tannin…Ans proanthocyanidin
  84)Not sterilized by moist heat…taflon,polystyrene,polyethylene
  85)leucopenia…decrese size of WBC,increase size f WBC
  86)Estrogen higher level vch toxicity produce??...wieght loss,thrombophlebitis…
  87)exothermic reaction Enrgy f product….Less,more
  88)Father f pharmacognosy..hippocrates
  89)benzyme intermediate..
  90)Organic cmpd+UV….electronic transition
  91)Quantitativ estimation by..UV,IR,Mass,Nmr
  92)St phase in cellulose chromatography…silica gel,water without OH.water with OH
  94)PEG liposome….
  95)WOF is wrong…aquacoat means enteric coatin
  96)WOF is nt disacchrides….sucrose,maltose,lactose,glucopyranose
  97)Glycolysis occur in…cytosol,mitochondia,nucleolus,nucleus
  WOF occur in mitochondria..steroid synthesis,fat synthesis,
  98)feed back inhibitin…
  99)composite family nd one source belong to….terpene,alkaloids,glycoside,tannis
  100)IR activity seen…change in dipole moment…
  101)300 Mhz…c13 Nmr???.....75
  102)Increse polarity..n to pi* transitn…bathochromic shift,hypsochromic shift…
  103)WOF increase the QT interval…terfenadine nd other 3 option
  104)WOF is action of diuretic..Urine formation,glucose formation,
  105)Metabolite of hormone stored in…pancreas,adrenal medulla..
  106)Bile is stored in…pancreas,gall blader,
  107)Body Temp controlled by…hypothalamus…
  108)Iregulation in moment due to…..cerebrum,cerebellu,
  109)cardiac output/min calld……..cardiac cycle,cardiac output,force f contraction
  110)most intense peak…Base peak…
  111)Molar extinction coefficient Unit….
  112)Acute amoebic dysentery vch drud used..metronidazole,chloroquine..
  113)Flourouracil..ans inhibit thymidylate synthesis…
  114)Folate deficiency by…methotraxate..
  115)NSAIDS induced GITproblem handled by…mesoprostol
  116)Insulin ph 5..hw to make longer actin insulin lyk dt ques…increase pH,lower pH
  117)Longer actin penicillin…procain penicillin and other qption
  118)WOF used as sorbent in tablet??.....MCC,silica,both,none
  119)Acetylene value……ans lower than alkene
  120)free radical stability….
  121)free radical str…..ans planar
  122)str of twisted boat…..
  123)Tartaric acid inactive bz…..internal plane f symmetry..
  124)WOF is prodrug..sulindac,sulphasalazine,aspirin
  125)WOF is induced in allergy…IgE
  126)WOF is participate in complement sym…IgG,IgM,IgE,IgA
  127)Disinfectant fluid….ans Sch O
  128)Vasaka leaf shape…ans lanceolate
  129)glandular type,,,fracture….
  130)agaropectin made up f….galactose nd uronic acid,glucose nd uronic acid
  131)Arhenious Eqn related ques
  132)Handersn hechalbatch…pH
  133)Inflamation f brain…Ans meningitis…
  134)GABA..increse cl level
  135)Stainin..WOF is true abt gram positive stain
  136)Eculle method 4 ans volatile oil
  137)Vulcanizin agent…..S,SO2
  138)IND full form
  139)WOf is not product f dabur….meswak,glucose D,odomus
  140)Colour added in vch step….syrup coatin
  141)Interfacial tensn measured by..ostwald,brook field
  142)vch is adultrant f saraca indica
  143)tablet strength increser by ques lyk dat…..MCC,lactose
  144)Mg stearate added in vch step of wet granulation…durin granulation,aft granulation
  145)GC principle…adsorption,partition,both
  146)Na salt f sachrin usd as….solublizin agent,bulkin gent,aweetnin agent
  147) IV emulsion isotonic wth,,Nacl,KCL
  148)IP h2O2….20%,80% lyk ques
  149)Arsenic test apparatus use??…nessler cylinder
  150)Doctor without border smthin lyk ques
  151)subsidy definition..
  152)dideoxy nucleotide differ frm deoxy nucleotide by…….less OH at 3rd carbon,More OH at 3rd carbon,lessH at 3rd carbon,more H at 3rd carbon
  153)In m-RNA nucleotides are joinee by…phosphodiester bonds,glycosidic bond,hydrogen bond
  154)Vd=X/C related ques,,ans 5 L
  155)WOF is stron base….dimethyaniline,Pyrole,aniline,Pyridine
  156)Enteric coated takes time in 0.1 N hcl…60,120,180,45
  157)WOF used in efervesent tablet…citric acid+Na bicarbonate.
  158)Wet granulation vch is nt used…Roler compactor,sigma blade mixer.
  159)Contact angle related ques
  160)Draves test,,ans weting angle
  161)Cafeeine gives..ans murexide test
  162)Meyer’s reagent….
  163)Rhem rhizome use…..purgative,carminative,
  164)Meltin f DNa increase..adeneni nd guanine,adenine nd thiamine,cytosine nd thiamine,
  165)Topotecan…natural,synthetic,
  166)H.pyroli induced hyperacidenia treated by???
  167)clonidine….Antihypertensive,
  168)Daughter cells divided in…Prophase,Anaphase,telophase
  169)Company acquire vch hospital???..
  170)Cyanide 540 UV gives colour……Blue,green,Red
  171)PCI constituted by…central govt,state govt…
  172)Carbopol….PVA,PVP
  173)antioxidant wth reducing Prop??...tocopherol,hydroxyurea
  174)Preservative used in ophthalmic??benzal konium Cl
  175)Pharmaceutical Rotation by…molecule,crystal,both,None..
  176)Increase lipase level indicate vch organ functn test…
  177)USP apparatus 2…ans Paddle..
  178)Streptomycin side effect….ans vestibular disturbance
  179)Podophylotoxin…lignan dvt….
  180)str of ketone treated wth LiAlH4
•  antidotes for some drugs
  Antidotes for some drugs:
  1.Acetaminophen---NAC (N-acetyl-L-cysteine) dosage
  2.Alcohols (ethylene glycol, methanol) ----IV ethanol, fomepizol (potent inhibitor of ADH)
  3.Heparin---- protamine
  4.Warfarin ---- vitamin k
  5.Antidepressants
  a. TCA’s---- benzodiazepines, phenytoin, physiostigmine
  b. SSRI’s-----cycloheptadine
  6.Benzodiazepines---- flumazenil
  7.Beta antagonists----- glucagon and epinephrine
  8.Calcium antagonists-----calcium, glucagon, insuline & dextrose combination
  9.Cocaine---- BZD’s for seizuries; labetalol for hypertension; Neuroleptics for psychosis.
  10.Cyanide----amyl nitrite; sodium nitrite; sodium thio sulphate
  11.Digoxin----- digibind
  12.Electrolytes
  a.Magnesium------10%CaCl2 temp to antagonize cardiac effects of Mg
  b.Potassium-------10%CaCl2 10%; NaHCO3(causes intracellular shift of pot); 
  glucose & Insulin (intracellular shift of pot.) 
  sodium polystyrene sulfonate (cationic exchange resin)
  13.Iron------ deferoxamine (chelate iron)
  14.Isoniazid-----pyridoxine (reverses INH induced seizures)
  15.Lead-------- Ca Disodium EDTA ; BAL (dimercaprol)
  16.Lithium------no effective treatment
  17.Opiates-----naloxone; nalmefene
  18.Organophosphates-------atro
  pine; pralidoxamine
  19.Salicylates------activated charcoal
  20.Theophylline-----charcoal; beta antagonists
•  SYNONYMS AND THEIR COMMON NAMES ( for knowledge)
  SYNONYM        -        COMMON NAME
  
  
  Rochelle salt   -   sodium potassium tartarate
  Dakins solution  -  sodium hypochloride
  Glaubers salt  -  sodium sulphate
  Epsom salt   -  magnesium sulphate
  china clay  -  heavy kaolin
  Gypsum -  calcium sulphate
  Calomel  -  mercurous chloride
  Soap clay  -  bentonite
  French chalk - talc
  Alum -  potassium aluminium sulphate
  Hypo - sodium thiosulphate
  precipitated chalk  -  calcium carbonate
  Slaked lime -  calcium hydroxide
  Bleaching powder  - chlorinated lime
  Burrows solution  -  aluminium acetate solution
  laughing gas  -  nitrous oxide
  Lugols solution - aqueous iodine solution
  Iodine tincture -  weak iodine solution
  knock out drops - chloral hydrate
•  VACCINES
  LIVE ATTENUATED:
  
  
  measles
  mumps 
  polio
  rubella
  typhoid
  varicella
  tuberculosis
  yellowfever
  
  
  INACTIVATED:
  
  
  rabies
  influenza
  tetanus
  hepatits A
  
  
  
  
  RECOMBINANT:
  
  
  hepatitis B
  
  
  
  
  TOXOID:
  
  
  diptheria
  tetanus
•  TEST ORGANISM FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF ANTIBIOTICS
  ANTIBIOTIC              -                 TEST ORGANISM
  
  
  Amikacin   -  staphlococcus aureus
  Amphotericin B  -  saccharomyces cerevisiae
  Bacitracin  - micrococcus luteus
  Bleomycin  -   mycobacterium smegmatis
  Carbenicillin  -  pseudomonas aeruginosa
  Doxycycline  - staphlococcus aureus
  Erythromycin  - micrococcus luteus
  Framycetin -  bacillus pumilis , staphylococcus aureus
  gentamycin  -  staphylococcus epidermidis
  Kanamycin  -   bacillus pumilis, staphylococcus aureus
  kanamycin B  - bacilus subtilis
  Neomycin  -  staphlococcus epidermidis
  Novobiocin  -  staphlococcus epidermidis
  Nystatin  - saccharomyces cerevisiae
  Oxyteracycline  - bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus
  Polymyxin B  -  bordetella bronchiseptica
  Rifamycin  -  bacillus subtilis
  Streptomycin  -  bacillus subtilis , klebsiella pneumoniae
  Tetracycline  -  bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus
•  Disease associated with altered neurotransmitters levels in brain
  Parkinsonism  :  Decreased DOPAMINE in striatum
  Schizophrenia : Increased  DOPAMINE levels
  Depression  :  Decreased NOREPINEPHRINE & 5-HT
  Mania  :    Decreased NOREPINEPHRINE & 5-HT
  Hallucination  : Increased 5-HT
  Alzhiemer's  : Decreased ACETYLCHOLINE & Destruction of Cholinergic Neurons
  Athetosis :  Decreased GABA in Putamen
  Chorea  : Decreased GABA in Caudate Nucleus
  Amyotropic lateral sclerosis:  Decreased ACETYLCHOLINE
•  ENZYMES AND THEIR METAL COFACTORS
  FE2+    -   CYTOCHROMEOXIDASE, CATALASE, PEROXIDASE
  CU2+    -   CYTOCHROME OXIDASE
  ZN2 +   -   DNA POLYMERASE, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE, ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
  MG2 +  -   HEXOKINASE, GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE
  MN2+   -   ARGINASE
  K+      -   PYRUVATE KINASE
  NI2+    -    UREASE
  MO       -    NITRATE REDUCTASE
  SE        -     GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE
•  MICROSOMAL ENZYMES INDUCERS AND INHIBITORS
  MICROSOMAL ENZYME INDUCERS
  
  
  ALCOHOL
  CHLORALHYDRATE
  CORTISONE
  NICOTINE
  PREDNISOSLONE
  PHENYTOIN
  CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE
  IMIPRAMINE
  PHENOBARBITAL
  TESTOSTERONE
  
  
  MICROSOMAL  ENZYME INHIBITORS
  
  
  ALLOPURINOL
  ORAL ANTIDIABETICS
  DISULFIRAM
  METRONIDAZOLE
  ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
  ANABOLIC AGENTS
  CHLORAMPHENICOL
  ISONIAZID
  MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS
  CEMETIDINE
•  DISEASE AND THEIR DEFECTIVE ENZYME
  Albinism  - tyrosine-3-mono oxygenase
  Alkaptonuria - homogentisate1,2-dioxygenase
  Galactosemia - galactose-1-phosphate iridylyl transferase
  Homocystinuria - cystathione B- synthase
  Phenylketonuria - phenylalanine-4-mono oxygenase
  Taysachs disease - hexosaminidase A
  Hypervalinemia - valine transaminase
  Arginosuccinic - arginosuccinate lyase acidemia
  krabbes disease - beta galactosidase
  Fabrys disease - alpha galactosidase
  Niemann pick disease - sphingomyelinase
  farbers disease - ceramidase
  gauchers disease - beta gluosidase
•  DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
  a)Syphilis-
  VDRL test,kahn test,wasserman test
  Treponema immobilization test,
  Fluroescent antibody-absorbed serum test.
  
  
  B)Diptheria-
  Schick test,elex test
  
  
  C) T.B-
  Tuberculin,mantoux test
  
  
  D) leprosy-
  Lepromin tsest
  
  
  E)typhoid or enetric fever-
  Widal test
  
  
  F)Rhumetoid arthritis-
  Rose water test
  
  
  G) Small pox-
  Ouchterlony
  
  
  E)Pneumonia-
  Cold hemaglutination test, streptococcus MG hemaglutination test
  
  
  F)brucellosis-
  Coombs test(opsonization test)
  
  
  G)lymphogranuloma venerum-
  Frei test
  
  
  H)typhus fever-
  Weil felix test
  
  
  I)hemophillius-
  Ducrey test
  
  
  G) scarlet fever-
  Dick test
  
  
  H)to detect human chornic gonadotrophin in serum of woman-
  Radio immuno assay(RIA)
•  BIOASSAYS OF DRUGS
  Adrenaline - bp raising effects in spinal cats
  noradrenaline- bp raising effects in spinal cats
  histamine-  contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum
  insulin- hypoglycemic convulsions in mice
  acetylcholine- contraction of isolated frog rectus muscle
  d-Tc - rabbit head drop due to pralysis of neck muscles
  digitalis- death due to cardiac arrest in guinea pig
  oxytocin- contraction of guinea pig uterine muscles
  androgens - growth copons comb
  adreno cortico tropic hormone- adrenal ascorbic acid estimation in hypophysectomised rats
•  CLASSIFICATION OF POTASSIUM CHANNEL OPENERS
  BENZOPYRAN DERIVATIVES:
  kromokalmn
  bimakalim
  erikalim
  
  
  ...See More
•  MICRO ORGANISMS USED AS BIOASSAYS FOR VITAMINS
  ASSAY MICRO ORGANISM                 -                     VITAMIN              
  
  
  lactobacillus casei                                    -                      biotin,folicacid,pyridoxal,riboflavine
  l. arabinosus                                            -                      calcium pantothenate,nicotinic acid
  l.leichmanii                                               -                      cyanocobalamin
  l.viridans                                                 -                       thiamine
  saccharomyces urarum                           -                      inositol
  acetobacter suboxydans                        -                      panthothenol
  neurospora crassa (or) s.carlsberginsis  -                     pridoxine
•  Biological indicators
  moist heat sterilisation (121 degre Centi ):       bacillus stearo thermophilus
  dry heast sterilisation (160 degre centi)   :        bacillus subtilis var niger
  hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid      :       bacillus stearo thermophilus
  ethylene oxide , formaldehyde                 :        bacillus subtilis var niger
  ionising radiation                                        :       bacillus pumilis
•  Tests and their uses
  watson schwartz test - urobilinogen
  schumms test - heme
  carrprice test - vit A
  gmelins test - bile pigments
  gothlin test - scurvy
  gofmann test - serum cholesterol
  murexide test - uric acid
  reinsch test - heavy metals
  gordons test - spinal fluid 
  biuret test - peptides
  legals test- for estimation of acetone
  ames test - carcinogenicity
•  side effects nd shortcuts
  Short cuts for GPAT AND NIPER
  
  
  Busulfan feature : ABCDEF
  Alkylating agent
  Bone marrow suppression
  CML Indication
  Dark skin(hyperpigmentation)
  Endocrine insufficiency(adrenal)
  Fibrosis
  
  
  Drugs causing Torsades de Pointes:APACHE
  Amiodarone
  Procainamide
  Arsenium
  Cisapride
  Haloperidol
  Erythromycin
  
  
  Morphine side effects :MORPHINE
  Myosis
  Out of it(sedation)
  Respiratory depression
  Pneumonia(aspiration)
  Hypotension
  Infrequency(constipation,urina
  ry retention)
  Nausea
  Emesis
  
  
  Aspirin side effects :ASPIRIN
  Asthma
  Salicylism
  Peptic ulcer disease/phosphorylation-oxidat
  ion uncoupling/platelet disaggregation
  Intestinal blood loss
  Reye's Syndrome
  Idiosyncracy
  Noise(tinnitus)
  
  
  SSRIs side effects :SSRI
  Seratonin syndrome
  Stimulate CNS
  Reproductive disfunction in male
  Insomnia
  
  
  Inhalation anesthetics : SHINE
  Sevoflane
  Halothane
  Isoflurane
  Nitrous oxide
  Enflurane
  
  
  Teratogenic drugs :"Win TERATogenic
  Warfarin
  Thalidomide
  Epileptic drugs:Phenytoin,Valproate,Carb
  amazepine
  Retinoid
  ACE inhibitor
  Third element :Lithium
  
  
  Gynaecomastia causing drugs:DISCOS
  Digoxin
  Isoniazid
  Spironolactone
  Cimetidine
  Oestrogens
  Stilboestrol
  
  
  Methyldopa Side effects :METHYLDOPA
  Mental retardation
  Electrolyte imbalance
  Tolerance
  Headache/ Hepatotoxicity
  psYcological upset
  Lactation in female
  Dry mouth
  Oedema
  Parkinsonism
  
  
  Antirheumatic agents :CHAMP
  Cyclophosphamide
  Hydroxycloroquine and choloroquinine 
  Auranofin and other gold compounds
  Methotrexate
  Penicillamine
  
  
  Phenytoin: adverse effects PHENYTOIN
   P-450 interactions
  Hirsutism
  Enlarged gums
  Nystagmus
  Yellow-browning of skin
  Teratogenicity
  Osteomalacia
  Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia)
  Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, and headache
  
  
  Sodium Valproate side effccts VALPROATE 
  Vomiting
  Alopecia
  Liver toxicity
  Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia
  Retention of fats (weight gain)
  Oedema (peripheral oedema)
  Appetite increase
  Tremor
  Enzyme inducer (liver)
  
  
  Amiodarone: action, side effects: 6 P's:
  Prolongs action potential duration
  Photosensitivity
  Pigmentation of skin
  Peripheral neuropathy
  Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis
  Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism
  
  
  Antiparkinson Drugs :SALAD
  Selegiline
  Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine)
  L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide)
  Amantadine
  Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)
  
  
  
  
  Therapeutic Index Formula TILE
                TI = LD / ED
  
  
  Anti epeleptic drugs Dr.BHAISAB's New PC.
  Deoxy barbiturates
  Barbiturates
  Hydantoin
  Aliphatic carb acids
  Iminostilbenes
  Succinimides
  BZD's
  Newer drugs
  Phenyltriazines
  Cyclic gaba analogues
  
  
  Adverse effects of Tetracyclines-KAPIL DEV 
  Kidney toxicity
  Antianabolic effect
  Phototoxicity
  Liver toxicity
  Diabetes insipidus
  
  
  CAPTOPRIL Side effects CAPTOPRIL
  Cough Angioedema
  Agranulocystosis
  Proteinuria/ Potassium excess
  Taste changes
  Orthostatic hypotension
  Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension)
  Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash
  Indomethacin inhibition
  Leukopenia/Liver toxicity
  
  
  Lithium: side effects LITH
   Leukocytosis
  Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]
  Tremor/ Teratogenesis
  Hypothyroidism
  
  
  Myocardial Infarction(MI): signs and symptoms PULSE
   Persistent chest pains
  Upset stomach
  Lightheadedness
  Shortness of breath
  Excessive sweating
  
  
  MI: basic management BOOMAR
   Bed rest
  Oxygen
  Opiate
  Monitor
  Anticoagulate
  Reduce clot size
  
  
  Treatment of Heart Failure: ABCDE
  ACE inhibitors
  Beta-blockers
  Calcium channel blockers
  Diuretics
  Endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitors
  
  
  Essential Amino acids
  
  
  My True Love Is Throug Valentine Love Phrases
  Methionine
  Threonine
  Leucine
  Isoleucine
  Tryptophan
  Valine
  Lysine
  Phenyl alanine