Sunday 26 February 2012

STEREOCHEMISTRY


STEREOCHEMISTRY


refer Jerry March

Circular polarization means that the plane of the oscillating electric field does not remain
steady, but instead twists to the right or the left, referred to as right or left circularly polarized light.

1. Homotopic groups cannot be differentiated by chiral reagents.
2. Enantiotopic groups can be differentiated by chiral reagents.
3. Diastereotopic groups are differentiated by achiral and chiral reagents.

Stereochemical Terminology
Stereochemistry has engendered a sometimes confusing terminology, with several terms that are frequently misused. Here we provide definitions of the most common terms.

Absolute configuration. A designation of the position or order of arrangement of the ligands of a stereogenic unit in reference to an agreed upon stereochemical standard.

Achiral. Not chiral. A necessary and sufficient criterion for achirality in a rigid molecule is the presence of any improper symmetry element (Sn, including _and i).

Achirotopic. The opposite of chirotopic. See ‘‘chirotopic’’ below.

Anomers. Diastereomers of glycosides or related cyclic forms of sugars that are specifically
epimers at the anomeric carbon (C1 of an aldose, or C2, C3, etc., of a ketose).

Anti. Modern usage is to describe relative configuration of two stereogenic centers along a chain. The chain is draw in zigzag form, and if two substituents are on opposite sides of the plane of the paper, they are designated anti. See also ‘‘syn’’, ‘‘antiperiplanar’, and ‘anticlinal’’.

Anticlinal. A term describing a conformation about a single bond. In A–B–C–D, A and are anticlinal if the torsion angle between them is between 90 and 150 or –90 and –150.

Antiperiplanar. A term describing a conformation about a single bond. In A–B–C–D,
A and D are antiperiplanar if the torsion angle between them is between_150_ to –150_.

Apical, axial, basal, and equatorial. Terms associated with the bonds and positions of
ligands in trigonal bipyramidal structures.

Asymmetric. Lacking all symmetry elements (point group C1). All asymmetric molecules
are chiral.

Asymmetric carbon atom. Traditional term used to describe a carbon with four different
ligands attached. Not recommended in modern usage.

Atactic. Aterm describing the relative configuration along a polymer backbone. In an
atactic polymer, the stereochemistry is random—no particular pattern or bias is seen.

Atropisomers. Stereoisomers (can be either enantiomers or diastereomers) that can be interconverted by rotation about single bonds and for which the barrier to rotation is large
enough that the stereoisomers can be separated and do not interconvert readily at room
temperature.

Chiral. Existing in two forms that are related as non-congruent mirror images. A necessary
and sufficient criterion for chirality in a rigid molecule is the absence of any improper
symmetry elements (Sn, including _ and i).

Chiral center. Older term for a tetracoordinate carbon or similar atom with four different substituents. More modern, and preferable, terminology is ‘‘stereogenic center’’ (or
‘‘stereocenter’’).

Chirotopic. The term used to denote that an atom, point, group, face, or line resides in a chiral environment.

Cis. Describing the stereochemical relationship between two ligands that are on the same side of a double bond or a ring system. For alkenes only, is preferred.

Configuration. The relative position or order of the arrangement of atoms in space that characterizes a particular stereoisomer.

Conformers or conformational isomers. Stereoisomers that are interconverted by rapid rotation about a single bond.

Constitutionally heterotopic. The same groups or atomswith different connectivities.

D and L. An older system for identifying enantiomers, relating all stereocenters to the
sense of chirality of d- or l-glyceraldehyde. See discussion in the text. Generally not used
anymore, except for biological structures such as amino acids and sugars.

Diastereomers. Stereoisomers that are not enantiomers.

Diastereomeric excess (de). In a reaction that produces two diastereomeric products in amountsAand B, de_100%(_A–B_)/(A_B).

Diastereotopic. The relationship between two regions of a molecule that have the same connectivity but are not related by any kind of symmetry operation.

Dissymmetric. Lacking improper symmetry operations.A synonym for ‘‘chiral’’, but not the same as ‘‘asymmetric’’.

Eclipsed. A term describing a conformation about a single bond. In A–B–C–D, A and D are eclipsed if the torsion angle between them is approximately 0_.

Enantiomers. Molecules that are related as non-congruent mirror images.

Enantiomeric excess (ee). In a reaction that produces two enantiomeric products in Amounts A and A, ee_100%(_A–A_)/(A_A).

Enantiotopic. The relationship between two regions of a molecule that are related only by an improper symmetry operation, typically a mirror plane. 

Endo. In a bicyclic system, a substituent that is on a bridge is endo if it points toward the larger of the two remaining bridges. See also ‘‘exo’’.

Epimerization. The interconversion of epimers.

Epimers. Diastereomers that have the opposite configuration at only one of two or more stereogenic centers.

Erythro and threo. Descriptors used to distinguish between diastereomers of an acyclic structure having two stereogenic centers. When placed in a Fischer projection using the
convention proper for carbohydrates, erythro has the higher priority groups on the same
side of the Fischer projection, and threo has them on opposite sides.

Exo. In a bicyclic system, a substituent that is on a bridge is exo if it points toward the smaller of the two remaining bridges. See also ‘‘endo’’.

EZ. Stereodescriptors for alkenes (see discussion in the text).

Gauche. A term describing a conformation about a single bond. In A–B–C–D, A and D are gauche if the torsion angle between them is approximately 60_ (or –60_).

Geminal. Attached to the same atoms. The two chlorines of 1,1-dichloro-2,2- difluoroethane are geminal. See also ‘‘vicinal’’.

Helicity. The sense of chirality of a helical or screw shaped entity; right (P) or left (M).

Heterochiral. Having an opposite sense of chirality. For example, d-alanine and l-leucine are heterochiral. See also ‘‘homochiral’’.

Heterotopic. The same groups or atoms in inequivalent constitutional or stereochemical
environments.

Homochiral. Having the same sense of chirality. For example, the 20 natural amino
acids are homochiral—they have the same arrangement of amino, carboxylate, and sidechain
groups. Has also been used as a synonym for ‘‘enantiomerically pure’’, but this is not
recommended, because homochiral already was a well-defined term before this alternative
usage became fashionable.

Homotopic. The relationship between two regions of a molecule that are related by a
proper symmetry operation.

Isotactic. A term describing the relative configuration along a polymer backbone. In
an isotactic polymer, all stereogenic centers of the polymer backbone have the same sense
of chirality.

Meso. A term describing an achiral member of a collection of diastereomers that also
includes at least one chiral member.

Optically active. Rotating plane polarized light. Formerly used as a synonym for
‘‘chiral’’, but this is not recommended.

Prochiral. Agroup is prochiral if it contains enantiotopic or diastereotopic ligands or
faces, such that replacement of one ligand or addition to one face produces a stereocenter.

R, S. The designations for absolute stereochemistry (see earlier discussion in the text).
Racemic mixture or racemate. Comprised of a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers.

Relative configuration. This refers to the configuration of any stereogenic center with
respect to another stereogenic center. If one center in a molecule is known as R, then other
centers can be compared to it using the descriptors R* or S*, indicating the same or opposite stereochemistry, respectively.

Resolution. The separation of a racemic mixture into its individual component enantiomers.

Scalemic. A synonym for ‘‘non-racemic’’ or ‘‘enantiomerically enriched’’. It has not
found general acceptance, but is used occasionally.

S-cis and s-trans. Descriptors for the conformation about a single bond, such as the
C2–C3 bond in 1,3–butadiene, or the C–N bond of an amide. If the substituents are synperiplanar, they are termed s-cis (‘‘s’’ for ‘‘single’’); if they are antiperiplanar, they are termed s-trans.

Stereocenter. See ‘‘stereogenic center’’.

Stereogenic center. An atom at which interchange of any two ligands produces a new
stereoisomer.Asynonym for ‘‘stereocenter’’.

Stereogenic unit. An atom or grouping of atoms at which interchange of any two ligands
produces a new stereoisomer.

Stereoisomers. Molecules that have the same connectivity, but a different arrangement
of atoms in space.

Stereoselective. A term describing the stereochemical consequences of certain types
of reactions. A stereoselective reaction is one for which reactant A can give two stereoisomeric products, B and B’, and one product is preferred. There can be degrees of stereoselectivity.
All stereospecific reactions are stereoselective, but the converse is not true.

Stereospecific. Aterm describing the stereochemical consequences of certain types of
reactions. A stereospecific reaction is one for which reactant A gives product B, and stereoisomeric reactantA gives stereoisomeric product B’. There can be degrees of stereospecificity. Stereospecific does not mean 100% stereoselective.


Syn. Modern usage is to describe the relative configuration of two stereogenic centers
along a chain. The chain is drawn in zigzag form, and if two substituents are on the same side of the plane of the paper, they are syn. See also ‘‘anti’’, ‘‘synperiplanar’’, and ‘‘synclinal’’.

Synclinal. Aterm describing a conformation about a single bond. In A–B–C–D,Aand
D are synclinal if the torsion angle between them is between 30_ and 90_ (or –30_ and –90_).

Syndiotactic. Aterm describing the relative configuration along a polymer backbone.
In a syndiotactic polymer, the relative configurations of backbone stereogenic centers alternate along the chain.

Synperiplanar. A term describing a conformation about a single bond. In A–B–C–D,
A and D are synperiplanar if the torsion angle between them is between _30_ and –30_.

Tacticity. A generic term describing the stereochemistry along a polymer backbone.
See ‘‘atactic’’, ‘‘isotactic’’, and ‘‘syndiotactic’’.

Trans. Aterm describing the stereochemical relationship between two ligands that are
on opposite sides of a double bond or a ring system. For alkenes only, is preferred.

Vicinal. Attached to adjacent atoms. In 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane, the relationship
of either chlorine to either fluorine is vicinal. See also ‘‘geminal’’.












Although the ultimate criterion is, of course, nonsuperimposability on the mirror
image (chirality), other tests may be used that are simpler to apply but not always
accurate. One such test is the presence of a plane of symmetry. A plane of symmetry
 (also called a mirror plane) is a plane passing through an object such that
the part on one side of the plane is the exact reflection of the part on the other side
(the plane acting as a mirror). Compounds possessing such a plane are always optically
inactive, but there are a few cases known in which compounds lack a plane of
symmetry and are nevertheless inactive. Such compounds possess a center of symmetry,
such as in a-truxillic acid, or an alternating axis of symmetry. A
center of symmetry is a point within an object such that a straight line drawn
from any part or element of the object to the center and extended an equal distance
on the other side encounters an equal part or element. An alternating axis of symmetry
 of order n is an axis such that when an object containing such an axis is
rotated by 3600/n about the axis and then reflection is effected across a plane at
right angles to the axis, a new object is obtained that is indistinguishable from
the original one. Compounds that lack an alternating axis of symmetry are always
chiral.


When three, five, or any odd number of cumulative double bonds exist, orbital
overlap causes the four groups to occupy one plane and cis–trans isomerism is
observed. When four, six, or any even number of cumulative double bonds exist, the situation is analogous to that in the allenes and optical activity is
possible.

  • If the reagents and reaction conditions are all symmetrical, the product must be a racemic mixture. No optically active material can be created if all starting materials and conditions are optically inactive.94 This statement also holds when one begins with a racemic mixture. Thus racemic 2-butanol, treated with HBr, must give racemic 2-bromobutane.

The Fischer Projection
they may not be rotated 900,although 1800 rotation is permissible:
It is also permissible to keep any one group fixed and to rotate the other three clockwise
or counterclockwise

If the lowest ranking group is either at the top or the bottom (because these are the two positions pointing away from the viewer), the (R) configuration is present if the other three groups in descending order are clockwise, for example,



  • That molecules with the same (either D or L) configuration need not rotate the plane of polarized light in the same direction. This fact should not surprise us when we remember that the same compound can rotate the plane in opposite directions under different conditions.

For glyceraldehyde, the (+) enantiomer is (R)

  • The Cahn–Ingold–Prelog system has also been extended to chiral compounds that do not contain stereogenic centers, but have a chiral axis. Compounds having a chiral axis include unsymmetrical allenes, biaryls that exhibit atropisomerism, and alkylidene cyclohexane derivatives, molecular propellers and gears, helicenes, cyclophanes, annulenes, trans-cycloalkenes, and metallocenes.

Optical rotator dispersion (ORD) is a measurement of specific rotation, [a], as a function of wavelength. The change of specific rotation [a] or molar rotation with wavelength is measured, and a plot of either versus wavelength is often related to the sense of chirality.

In general, the absolute value of the rotation increases as the wavelength decreases. The plot of circular dichroism (CD) is the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized radiation by a nonracemic sample, taking place only in spectral regions in which absorption bands are found in the isotropic or visible electronic spectrum.

The primary application of both Optical rotatory Dispersion (ORD) and circular Dichroism (CD)  is for the assignment of configuration or conformation.

diastereomers have different specific rotations; indeed one diastereomer may be chiral and rotate the plane of polarized light while another may be achiral and not rotate at all (an example is presented below).

enantiomers react at different rates with other chiral molecules, but at the same rate with achiral molecules.

When the three groups on one chiral atom are the same as those on the other, one of the isomers (called a meso form) has a plane of symmetry, and hence is optically inactive, even though it has two chiral carbons.



The newer method, which can be applied to all cases, is based on the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog system The two groups at each carbon are ranked by the sequence rules. Then that isomer with the two higher ranking groups on the same side of the double bond is called (Z) (for the German word zusammen meaning together); the other is (E) (for entgegen meaning opposite)
If there is more than one double bond in a molecule and if W not equal to X and Y not equal to Z for each, the number of isomers in the most general case is 2n, although this number may be decreased if some of the substituents are the same, as in

When a molecule contains a double bond and an asymmetric carbon, there are four
isomers, a cis pair of enantiomers and a trans pair:



GPAT Model Paper -2

GPAT Model paper -2

Q.1 what is the drug
(a) a chemical substance of known structure, mainly a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.
(b) a chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a   new biological function .
(c) a chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.
(d) a chemical substance of known structure, mainly  a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a new biological function.
Q.2 Drug bind to receptor, Assertion - Produce their response:  Region-Due to efficacy
(a) Assertion is wrong& region is true
(b) Assertion is true & region is wrong
(c) both wrong                        (d) both true
Q.3 Spare receptor is
(a) Fallow occupation concept 
(b) Not fallow occupation concept
(c) Not fallow two step model            (d) none
Q.4 Target proteins on which drug act is
(a) Receptor    (b) enzymes     (c) carriers       (d) all
Q.5 Hill-Langmuir equation described the
(a) Quantitative aspects of drug-receptor interactions
(b) Qualitative aspects of drug-receptor interactions
(c) Quantitative aspects of drug-drug interactions
(d) Qualitative aspects of drug-drug interactions
Q.6. Correct for  Binding of drugs to receptors
(a)Binding of drugs to receptors necessarily obeys the Law of Mass Action.
(b)The higher the affinity of the drug for the receptor, the lower the concentration at which it produces a given level of occupancy.
(c)The same principles apply when two or more drugs compete for the same receptors; each has the effect of reducing the apparent affinity for the other.
(d) all
Q.7. Tetrodotoxin is-
(a) Voltage-gated sodium channels modulator
 (b) Voltage-gated sodium channels blocker
(c)   Voltage-gated sodium channels agonist  
(d)  Voltage-gated sodium channels antagonist
Q.8. choose the correct statement for the GPCRs
(a) Membrane location  (b) Effectors is only ion channel  (c) Effectors  is only enzyme (d) all
Q.9 Type 3 receptor structures is -
(a) Oligomeric assembly of subunits surrounding central pore
(b) Monomeric dimericor structure comprising seven transmembrane helices
(c) Single transmembrane helix linking extracellular receptor domain to intracellular kinase domain
(d) Monomeric structure with separate receptor- and DNA-binding domains
Q.10. A person suffer from excessive lipolysis when he take mistakenly a poison
Assertion- Poison is pertussis and cholera toxin
Region- Prevent inactivation of GPCRs
(a) Assertion is wrong & region is true
(b) Assertion is true & region is wrong
(c) Both wrong   (d) both true
Q.11 Intra Cellular Release of Ca++ ion increased by the (a) PLC (b) DAG (c) IP3 (d) IP4
Q.12. what is the role of IP4 Formed from IP3 during PI cycle-
(a) Absolutely faccillate Ca++ ion  entry via plasma membrane    
(b) unclear but may faccillate Ca++ ion  entry via plasma membrane    
(c) Activate PKa              (d) Inactivate Pka
Q.13 Secondary messengers is except
(a) cGMP         (b) cAMP        (c) IP3     (d) PLC
Q.14. A drug which pka is 3.4  then rate of reabsorption of drug from renal tuble is-
(a) High    (b) low    (c) may be high or low   (d) not predict
Q.15 Presystemic   Metabolism also known as
(a) First pass metabolism         (b) phase 1
(c) phase 2                               (d)none
Q.16 N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine is
(a) non toxic metabolite of acetaminophen 
( b)  toxic prodrug  of acetaminophen 
(c)  toxic metabolite of acetaminophen   (d) none
Q.17 What is the unit of Michalies menten constant
(a) no unit                    (b) amount unit
(c) concentration unit (d) a&b
Q.18. when clearance is constant , the rate of drug elimination is -----------------proportional to drug concentration.
(a) indirectly   (b) directly (c) not depend (d) none
 Q.19 Drug concentrations are measured in plasma at 2-hour intervals following drug administration. The semilogarithmic plot of plasma concentration (Cp) versus time appears to indicate that the drug is eliminated from a single compartment by a first-order process with k = 0.173 hr–1) then half life of drug is
(a) 240 min (b) 180 min (c) 120 min (d) 60 min
Q.20 Here B is-
(a) agonist                    (b) partial agonist
(c) Inverse agonist        (d) antagonist
Q.21 Phase 2 clinical trials investigate the
(a) safety  (b) efficacy (c) verify efficacy
(d) Obtain additional data following approval
Q.22 All of the following are capable of initiating a signal transduction process EXCEPT
(A) Combination of an agonist with its receptor
(B) Combination of an antagonist with its receptor (C) Combination of a neurotransmitter with its receptor
(D) Combination of a hormone with its receptor
Q.23. Potency is determined by
(A) Affinity alone   (B) Efficacy alone
(C) Affinity and efficacy
(D) Efficacy and intrinsic activity
Q.24. Following oral administration, a drug is absorbed into the body, wherein it can exert its action. For a drug given orally, the primary site of drug absorption is:
(A) The esophagus    (B) The stomach
(C) The upper portion of the small intestine
(D) The large intestine
Q.25.The body has developed defense mechanisms that reduce the amount of foreign chemicals, such as drugs, that enter the body. One of the more prominent of these mechanisms is an efflux transport system that pumps some drugs back into the intestinal lumen following absorption into the enterocytes and that is responsible for the lack of complete
absorption of some drugs.This efflux transport system is:
(A) Facilitated diffusion (B) P glycoprotein
(C) Cytochrome P450 3A (D) Pinocytosis
Q.27. Reaction is-
(A) Phase 1 (B) Phase 2 (C) Phase 3 (D) Phase 4
Q.28. Which of the following CYP enzymes is associated with metabolism of the greatest number of drugs and thus most likely to be involved in drug–drug interactions?
(A) CYP3A4 (B) CYP2C9 (C) CYP2D6 (D) CYP2E1
Q.29. Frequently it is useful to consider the overall exposure of a person to a drug during the dosing interval. Which of the following pharmacokinetic parameters defines the exposure of a person to a drug?
(A) Cmax     (B) Tmax    (C) AUC    (D) Half-life
Q.30 Agonist pleotropy  shown by the-
(a) M- Receptor                 (b) D2- Receptor 
 (c) GABAB - Receptor       (d) all
Q.31 All are GPCRS EXCEPT-
(a)  5-HT3- Receptor            (b) PGS - Receptor 
(c) Chemokine – Receptor    (d) Opiod- Receptor
Q.32. cAMP pathway starts with the-
(a)Activation of adenyl cyclase                                         (b) Activation of protein kinase
(c) Exchange of GDP with GTP in α – Units of G-protein
(d) Exchange of ATP with ADP in α – Units of G-protein
Q.34 Blood Glycogen rises when-
(a) cAMP  increases    (b) cAMP  Decreases
 (c) IP3/ DAG  increase  (d) A&C
 Q.35 Drug which produce opposite effect to agonist is called-
(a) Antagonist          (b) Partial agonist  
(c) Invese agonist     (d) Blocker
Q.36 Iproniazid is the-
(a) Antitubercular drug     (b) MOA-A inhibitors  
(c)  Anticancer drug          (d) Antileprotic drug
Q.37 Occupation of receptor is governed by the-
(a) Affinity                            (b) Intrinsic activity     (c) Confermation chages       (d) all
Q.38 Intrinsic activity  for DMCM  is-  
(a) 0----(-1)  (b) 0-----(+1)    (c) 0    (d) 1
Q.39 Correct sequence by which the drug work-
(a) Binding to receptor----- confermation change---- Transducer steps ----response
(b) Binding to receptor----- confermation change ----response---- Transducer steps
(c) Binding to receptor----- Transducer steps ----response--- confermation change
(d) Binding to receptor----- chemical change---- Transducer steps ----response
Q.40 Albumin is the -
(a) Silent receptor               (b) nuclear receptor       (c) Protien channel                (d) A& C
Q.41 Choose  incorrect statement when drug is given by oral route
(a) Slower action not suitable for emergency   
(b) Streptomycin is not absorbed by oral route  
(c) Cannot used for uncooperative patient (d) None
Q.42 A patient take combination of aspirin and ciprofloxacin, during the testing of urine, the urine was found alkaline, in this condition which drug is back diffuse in the kidney tubules  
(a) Aspirin   (b) Ciprofioxacin        (c) both     (d) none
Q.43 Find the volume of distribution of drug if plasma concentration of drug is 50 Mg/L and the totel drug in body is 100Mg
(a) 2L  (b)  20ML      (c) 2000ML    (d) 50ML
Q.44 Which of the following enzyme responsible for the conversion of the codeine to morphine and this is inhibited by 
(a) CYP2E1, Cispride        (b) CYP2D6, Quinidine
(c) CYP2C19 ,Astemizole (d) CYP2C8/9 , Diltiazim
Q.45 Benzopyren found in cigratte smoke , which is responsible for the 
(a) Inhibition of CYP1A isoenzyme
(b) Inhibition of CYP3A isoenzyme
(c) Induction of CYP1A isoenzyme
(d) Induction of CYP2B1 isoenzyme
Q.46 A doctor have prescribed paracetamol to the patient , but by mistak patient take enzyme inducer with them, what would happened 
(a) Increase intensity of response
(b) Increase duration of action 
(c) Toxicity        (d) both a & b
Q.47 Probenacid  prolong the duration of action of penicillin and  ampicilline by
(a) By reducing rate of metabolism                        (b) By increasing plasma protein binding
(c) By prolonging absorption from absorption site (d) By reducing rate of excretion
Q.48 Which of the following is example of non competitive inhibitors
(a) Physostigmine             (b) Allopurinol            
(c) Theophylline               (d) Carbidopa
Q.49 Choose correct one for the non  equilibrium type enzyme inhibition 
(a) Km increase ,Vmax decreases                       
(b) Km constant , Vmax decrease
(c) Km decrease , Vmax constant                       
(d) Km decrease ,Vmax  increase
Q.50Choose correct example for supra additive combination
(a) Acetylcholine & Physostigmine                       (b) Aspirin & paracetmol
(c) Ephedrine & Theophylline                               (d) Nitrous acid & Ether
Q.51.Which of the following statement is true-
(a)Determination of pKa performed by spectral shift or visible spectroscopy
(b)Unionized form is greatly absorbed than the ionized form
(c)Drug with low pKa value,unionized form is present in the stomach but ionized in the intestine                                       (d)All
Q.52.Flavouring agent, who is used in the formulation of oral liquids, gives the bitter test-
(P)Wild Cherry(Q)Liquorice  (R)Mint(S)Vanilla
(a)PQ         (b) RS             (c)PR                     (d)QS

Q.53.Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant functioning
(P)Reducing agent       (Q)Oxidising agent             (R)Synergistic                       (S)Chelates
(a)PQ             (b) RS           (c)PR                  (d)QS

Q.54.Which statement is false about the ASPARTAME
(a)200 times more sweet than sucrose                                                      
(b)No bitter after test
(c)High water solubility and stable at wide  pH range
(d)Not recomonded for the pregnant or lacting woman

Q.55.Sterile water for injection is-
(a)Not contain any antmicrobial agent                                                  (b)Must be pyrogen free
(c)Filled in single dose container                                                          (d)All statement are true

Q.56.Most commonly used non aquous vehicle for sterile product is
(a)Corn oil          (b)Almond oil                   (c)Peanut oil                               (d)Sesame oil

Q.57.Function of tonocity modifier for the parenterals-
(a)Minimize tissue damaze and ↓ irritation                                    (b)hemolysis of blood cells
(c)Prevent electrolyte imbalance              (d)All

Q.58. Hybridoma technology is widely used for producing
a. Callus cultures                     b. Organ cultures
c. Monoclonal antibodies        d. All the above

Q.59.Polyoxyethylene sorbiton is the example of a surfactant which is-
(a)Non ionic                                   (b)Cationic              
(c)Anionic                                        (d)Amholytic

Q.60.Which of the following statement is true about the MC-
(a)Soluble in hot water but insoluble in cold water  
(b)Soluble in cold water but insoluble in hot water
(c)Insoluble in all conditions                           
(d)Highly soluble in organic solvents

Q.61.For the preparation of W/O/W type multiple emulsion,the correct scheme of the addition of emulsifiers-
(a)Span→tween   (b)Tween→span
(c)Both                (d) None

Q.62.Plastcizer for the manicure preparation is-
(a)Caster oil          (b)Cellulose nitrate          (c)Butyl lactate                       (d)No plasticizer used

Q.63.In the preparation of liposome,material which leads to rigidity is-
(a)Cholesterol (b)Phosoholipid (c)PVP (d)PLGA

Q.64.Matarial which is most commonly used for the enteric coating of tablets-
(a)PVP   (b)CAP         (c)Acrylates        (d)Accacia

Q.65.If the drug is mois sensitive,binding agent utilize in this condition-
(a)CMC (b)Gelatin    (c)HPMC       (d)Starch paste

Q.66.Titanium di oxide used in the capsule coat as 
(a)Presrevatives   (b)Plasticizer                    (c)Opacifier                           (d)Inhance chewability

Q.67.Coating material which is water insoluble used in the microencapsulation-
(a)PVP  (b)Polymethacrylate  (c)CAP     (d)PVA

Q.68.Chitosan is a
(a)Natural phospholipid (b) Natural polysachharide (c) Natural peptide        (d)Synthetic hormone

Q.69.DMSO function as-
(a)An emulsifying agent  (b)A suspending agent
(c)A preservative          (d)A penetration enhancer
Q.70.Which of the following are natural hydrocolloids-
(P)Hectorite                     (Q)Attapulgite         
(R)CMC                           (S)Carbopols
(a)PQ           (b) RS               (c)PR             (d)QS

Q.71. Assertion (A): Sorbitol, ethanol and glycerin act as cosolvent.
Reason (R): They are reduces the interfacial tension       
(a)Both [A] and [R] are true and [R] is the correct reason for [A]
(b)Both [A] and [R] are true but [R] is not the correct reason for [A]
(c)Both [A] and [R] are false
(d)[A] is true but [R] is false               

Q.72.The term----has been used to in the sense of increase in solubility in the water of various substances due to the presence of large amount of additives-
(a)Cosolvancy (b)Complexation              (c)Hydrotrophy                              (d)Solublization
Q.73.Which of the following is neutral preservatives-
(P)Benzyl alcohol                  (Q)Chlorbutanol       
(R)Phenol                                (S)Nitromersol
(a)PQ           (b) RS               (c)PR             (d)QS

Q.74.Tween 60 is
(a)Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitone monolaurate           (b)Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitone monopalmitate                         (c)Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitone monostearate                      (d) Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitone monooleate           

Q.75.Accacia is used as-
(a)Suspending agent              (b) Emulsifier              (c) Microcapsule wall material       (d)All

Q.76.Role of Dextrin is
(P)Stabilizer                (Q) Emulsifier     
(R)Binder                    (S) Gelling agent
(a)PQ           (b) RS               (c)PR             (d)QS

Q.77.NDGA is
(a)Antioxidant   (b) Viscosity modifier
(c) Vehicle          (d) Filler

Q.78.In the tablet formulation MCC is used as
(a)Glidant  (b) Antiadherent  (c)Binder     (d)All

Q.79.Controlled release excipient for tablet is
(P)Mg.Al.Silicates                  (Q) Starch     
(R)PVP                                     (S)HPMC
(a)PQ           (b) RS               (c)PR             (d)QS

Q.80.Binding/granulating agent who show the highest strength for the tablet formulatin
(a)Acacia mucilage          (b)Glucose syrup
(c)Povidone                      (d)Sucrose syrup

Q.81.FD&C color yellow 5 commonly known as
 (a)Erythrosine                     (b)Indigotine
 (c)Sunset Yellow                (d)Tetrazine

Q.82.Commanly used controlled release excipient which is pH dependent
(a)CAP      (b)PLGA        (c)CMC           (d)HPMC

Q.83. Sorbitol used in soft gelatin capsules as
a) Viscosity modifier         b) Gel Strength modifier
c) To alter the Cohesive strength d) Plasticizer

Q.84.Gelatin is a hydrolysed product of    
a) Shellac   b) Pectin      c) Collagen   d) Tannin

Q.85.What is the active ingredient present in mandle’s throat paint-
a) Manganese     b) Iodine        c)Iron      d) KI
Q.86.Which of the following is incorporated to overcome crystallization or cap locking of simple syrup?
a)Alcohol  b)Glycerin c)Ether d) Purified water

Q.87.What is the HLB value for sodium lauryl sulphate? 
a) 10          b) 40              c) 25           d) 15
Q.88. Match the following HLB scale
P) 3 – 8                       1) Anti foaming agent
Q) 3 – 1                       2) W/O emulgent
R) 7 – 9                       3) Wetting  agent
S) 16 – 18                    4) O/W  emulgent
T) 8 – 16                     5) Solubilizing  agent
a) P – 2         b) P – 5              c) P – 3         d) P – 2
    Q – 4             Q – 4                             Q – 1             Q – 1
    R – 1             R – 2                 R – 5              R – 3
    S – 3              S – 3                  S – 2               S – 5
    T – 5              T - 1                   T – 4               T – 4

Q.89. Anhydrous lanolin is also called as
a) Yellow soft paraffin           b) Wool fat
c) Bees wax                             d) Cholesterol

Q.90.Which of the following is used for the lubrication of moulds in the preparation cocoa butter suppositories by fusion method?
a) Mineral oil               b)  Propylene glycol   
c) Cetyl alcohol           d)  Magnesium silicate

Q.91.The following solvent is a water immiscible non aqueous solvent
(a) Dioxalones                       (b) PEG 400
(c) Isopropyl myristate       (d) Butylene glycol

Q.92. The indicator used in leakage test for sterile products
(a) crystal violet                           (b) methyl red
(c) 0.5 to 1 % methylene blue     (d)None

Q.93. Propellent 152 a is-
(a) Trichloro di fluoro  methane  (b) difluoro ethane
(c) trichloro mono fluoro Methane   (d)Butane

Q.94. Which of the following is an emollient used in the hand cream preparations
a. Lanolin                      b. Cholesterol
c. Lecithin                   d. All the above
Q.95.Which of the following agents reduces the surface charges on the wet hair and to maintain the oily film present naturally on the hair                       
a. Clarifying agents                 b. Stabilizing agents
c. Conditioning agents            d. Chelating agents

Q.96. Which of the following substance enhances the penetration of drug in oral transmucosal drug delivery systems?
P. Dimethyl sulfoxide            Q. Glycerin   
R. Propylene glycol               S. Carbopol
 a. P, Q     b. Q, R     c. R, S      d. P, S          

Q.97. During translation AUG codes for methionine at
a. The start of polypeptide chain
b. The end of polypeptide chain
c. The start as well as the interior of polypeptide chain
d. The end well as the exterior of polypeptide chain

Q.98.Which of the following vitamin has a deodrant property
a. Vitamin C                            b. Vitamin E               
c. Vitamin D                           d. Vitamin B complex

Q.99. Anti codon region is an important part of the structure of
a. m – RNA     b. DNA  c.  t- RNA    d. t – RNA

Q.100. The lethal effect of CO is due to
a. H2O solubility
b. Ability to combine with haemoglobin
c. Vapour pressure      d. Ability to form CO2 easily

Q.101.Following Which statement is correct for auxochrome-
(a)All auxochrome have one or more non bonding pair of electrons
(b)It is group which itself does not act as a chromophore
(c)Extended conjugation has been responsible for bathochromic shift
(d)All above statement are correct

Q.102.Fundamental theory of IR absorption spectroscopy
(a)          f2 =I /4 π2.K/µ               (b)f=  1/2π K/µ   
(C )  f = 2π. K/µ                 (d) none
Q.103.Fabry perot  filter used in visible spectroscopy to achieved monochromatic light based on
(a)Absorption               (b)refraction
(c)Interference             (d) defraction

Q.104.photoemissive material used in u V detection to generate photo electron when visible/ UV light incident on detector
(a)potassium (b) cesium     (c) AgO            (d) all

Q.105.in which radiation detection  system  of uV spectroscopy multiplication of primary photoelectrons
(a)Barrier layer cells      (b)photronic cells     
(c)photoemmisive cells  (d)   none

Q.106.unit of wave number is
(a)   Ao        (b)   CM-1     (c)   Kayser   (d) b and c

Q.107.which type of transition are present in  UV spectroscopy
(a)    π to π*   (b) n to σ*   (c) n to π* (d) all  (e) a & c

Q.108.Which one is example of vacuum UV spectroscopy
(a) CH3 CO CH3  (b)  C6H5-NH2 
(c) Cyclohexane (d) B & C

Q.109.Calculate the absorption maxiama for UV/ visible for following structure
(a)398 nm  (b) 360 nm  (c)  362 nm    (d) 353 nm
­­
Q.110.Calculate the absorption maxiama for UV/ visible for following structure
(a)235 nm (b) 253 nm  (c) 292 nm   (d)   353 nm

Q.111.Number of ring residue present in following structure
(a) 5      (b)     4    (c)  3      (d) 2

Q.112.According to woodward fieser rure for polyenes basic value for λmax  calculation to the following structure is
(a)  215 nm   (b)   317 nm    (c)  245 nm   (d)253 nm

Q.113.Functional group detectin performed by
(a) colorimetry          (b) NMR Spectroscopy 
(c) IR Spectroscopy  (d) 13C NMR Spectroscopy

Q.114.Vibration motion in infra red taking place in which range
(a) 1.2 to 2.5 µ   (b)  1.5 to 15 µ   (c)  25 to 300 µ (d)  this motion not present in IR region

Q.115.Base peak is related to
(a) Raman spectra (b) FTIR   (c)  MALDY TOF   (d) Phosphorometry

Q.116.Lucas reagent is used to differentiate the primary, secondary, and tertiary monohydric alcohol is
(a) ZnCl2 /conc HCl (b) anhydrous ZnCl/Conc HCl (c) Anhydrous ZnCl2 /Conc HCl  (d) none

Q.117Hybridization of carbene  ( ¯­CH2 ) may  be 
(a) SP2            (b) SP           (c) SP3                 (d) a & b

Q.118.Correct relative order of forces present in covalent compound
(a) H.B.>Dipole-2 forces>Vander waal’s forces
(b) Dipole-2 forces > Vander waal’s forces >  H.B.
(c) Vander waal’s forces >  H.B.  >  Dipole-2 forces
(d) H.B. =  Dipole-2 forces < Vander waal’s forces

Q.109.No bond resonance is also know as
(a)  mesomerism  (b) Hyperconjugation
(c) Baker and Nathan effect (d)  b & c

Q.120.Relative acidic character of following compounds
(a) H2O >ROH> CHºCH>   CH2=CH2  > CH3- CH3
(b) ROH > CHºCH >CH2 =CH2>CH3- CH3   >  H2O    
(c) CHºCH > CH2 =CH2 >CH3- CH3>  H2O>   ROH
(d)CH3-CH3>CHºCH>CH2 =CH2 >CH3-CH3>  H2O    

Q.121.In which of the following electronic displacement is permanent in nature
(a) Inductive effect      (b) Hyperconjugative effect 
(c) mesomeric effect   (d)  all

Q.122.Which of the  following electronic displacement is responsible for Polarisability in the covalent compounds
(a) Indutomeric effect          (b) Electromeric effect
(c) a & b                           (d) resonance effect
Q.123. Stability order of the  carbonium ions is
(a) Cyclopropyl methyl carbocations>C6H5CH2+ > Allyl carbocations> Alkyl cabonium ions > Vinyl carbocations
(b) C6H5CH2+ > Cyclopropyl methyl carbocations > Allyl carbocations> Alkyl cabonium ions > Vinyl carbocations
(c)C6H5CH2+>  Allyl carbocations > Alkyl cabonium ions>Vinyl carbocations>Cyclopropyl methyl carbocations
(d) C6H5CH2+  >  Allyl carbocations>  Cyclopropyl methyl carbocations > Alkyl cabonium ions > Vinyl carbocations
Q.124.Which of the following number of Pi electrons combination according to Huckel rule for aromaticity
(a) 2, 4, 6, 8               (b) 2, 6, 10, 14,
(c) 4, 8, 12, 16           (d) 2, 6, 4, 12
Q.125. C6H5OH + CHCl3 + ?   Þ Salicyaldehyde
(a) Aqueous KOH        (b) Alcoholic KOH
(c) can be a & b           (d) Li

Q.126. Most intense peak in mass spectroscopy is
(a) parent peak (b) base peak
(c) both have similar intense peak
(d) metastable peak

Q.127.Wavelength range of X- Rays is
(a) 1-100 A0 (b) 1-10 A0(c)10- 100A0(d)1-10 CM-1

Q.128. Crystal structure of water floats in the water due to low density of crystal structure exits in form of
(a) Tetramer form         (b) Pentamer form
(c) Hexamer form          (d) None

Q.129. correct order of hydrogen bonding
(a) HF::::HF     >     OH::::::: OH  >    NH::::::NH
(b) NH::::::NH  >       HF::::HF     >     OH::::::: OH
(c) OH::::::: OH  >    NH::::::NH  >       HF::::HF
(d) HF::::HF     =    OH::::::: OH  >    NH::::::NH

Q.130.Woodward fieser rules for  alkenes is valid up to number of conjugated double bonds is
(a) 5     (b) 6     (c)  4    (d)   no any criteria like this
Q.131. Stability order of carbanions is
(a) 10 > 20 >  30   (b) 10 = 20  >  30   
 (c) 20 >  30  > 10 (d) 30   > 20 > 10
Q.132. Mull technique is a method of sampling belong to-
(a) Mass spectroscopy (b) IR(c) NMR  (d) X – Rays
Q.133. Neutral electrophile  is
(a) PCl5   (b) SF6    (c) NO2+ (d) all   (e) a&b

Q.134. Carbylamine is a characteristics reaction in the presence of CHCl3 & Alcoholic KOH to produce isocyanide
(a) secondary amine         (b) primary amine
(c) phenol                        (d) ether

Q.135. charged electrophiles are
(a) H+        (b)    NH4+       (c)      NO2+          (d)    all

Q.136.Homolytic cleavage of organic compounds is responsible for
(a)Odd electron species  (b) nucleophiles generation (c)free radicals generation(d)electrophiles generation

Q.137. Forbidden transition in uv spectroscopy is due to
(a) π to π*   (b) n to σ*   (c) n to π* (d)  b & c

Q.138.In colorimetry transition take place from to
(a)Ground to exited (b)Boding orbiatal to antibonding orbital  (c) LUMO to HOMO  (d) all

Q.139. A colorimetry sample solution color is blue which color of filter should be suitable for filter
(a) Orange             (b) Blue        (c) Red  
(d)  any color which is transparent to visible range

Q.140.Grating use as monochromator in IR spectrum is made of
(a) Glass    (b)  Quartz     (c)  fused silica    (d) NaCl

Q.141 Choose the odd one
(a) Gibberlline  (b) Auxin  (c) Ethylene  (d) Zeatin

Q.142 Glycerrhiza is modified
(a) Runner  (b)  Stolen   (c) Offset  (d) Sucker 

Q.143 Java cinnamon has ----------------- bark
(a) Recurved               (b) Quill shaped 
(c) Compound Quill    (d) None 

Q.144 Choose the odd one with respect to modification to fruit
(a) Strawberry              (b)  marking fruit       
(c) Rose                        (d) Apple

Q.145 Warty out growth from micropyle is known as caruncle found in
(a) cardamom               (b) Calotropis              
(c) Colchicum               (d) Castor

Q.146 Inulin is polysaccharide, it is ------------- in water
(a)  soluble                   (b) Insoluble     
(c) Partially soluble      (d) none 

Q.147 Tannin, resin, and latex are----------------- product
(a) Reserve                   (b) secretory  
(c) Excretory                (d)  metabolite 

Q.148 Picrolonic acid is used to identify
(a) Terpenoid    (b) Alkaloid     (c) Steroid  (d) All 
Q.149 Osazone formation test is used to identify
(a) Protein                    (b) Steroid     
(c) Glycoside                (d) None 

Q.150 Renin is a
(a)Proteolytic enzyme     (b) Mucolytic enzyme
(c) Amylolytic  enzyme   (d) None