chemical tests in pharmacognosy

chemical tests in pharmacognosy

Name of test                                                                               drugs

Baljets test                                                                      Cardiac glycosides

Born-tragers test                                                            Anthracene glycosides

Borex test                                                                       Aloes

Boudouins test                                                   Detection of sesame oil as adulterant in other oils

Boardfoeds test                                                              Carbohydrates

biuret test                                                                        Proteins

Cupraloin test                                                                   Aloes

Carr-price test                                                                  Vitamin A

Fiehes test                                              Detection of artificial invert sugar as adulteranrt in honey

Foam test                                                                          Saponins

Grignard reaction                                                              Cyanogenetic glycoside

Gold beater skin test                                                          tannin

Hal-phens test                                                         Detection of cotton seed oil as adulterant

Haemolysis test                                                                   Saponins

Klungs test                                                                           Aloes

Keller killiani test                                                                   Presence of deoxy sugar

Keris test                                                                              Rancidity of fats and oil

Legal test                                                                             Cardiac glycoside

Libermann- burchards test                                                   Steroids

Murexide test                                                                       Caffeine (xanthine alkaloids)

Van urks test                                                                        Ergot alkaloids

Molish test                                                                            Carbohydrates

Nitrous acid test                                                                   Aloes

Thalleoquin test                                                                   Cinchona alkaloids

Tannins test                                                                         Alkaloids

Vitali-morins test                                                                  Atropine and cocaine

Emulsifiers with HLB Values

Emulsifiers with HLB Values

 Emulsifiers with HLB Values

HLB values sorted by HLB from lowest to highest:

Glycol Distearate HLB = 1

Sorbitan Trioleate HLB = 1.8

 Propylene Glycol Isostearate HLB = 2.5

 Glycol Stearate HLB = 2.9

 Sorbitan Sesquioleate HLB = 3.7

 Glyceryl Stearate HLB = 3.8

Lecithin HLB = 4

Sorbitan Oleate HLB = 4.3

Sorbitan Monostearate NF HLB = 4.7

 Sorbitan Stearate HLB = 4.7

 Sorbitan Isostearate HLB = 4.7

 Steareth-2 HLB = 4.9

 Oleth-2 HLB = 4.9

 Glyceryl Laurate HLB = 5.2

Ceteth-2 HLB = 5.3

 PEG-30 Dipolyhydroxystearate HLB = 5.5

 Glyceryl Stearate SE HLB = 5.8

Sorbitan Stearate (and) Sucrose Cocoate HLB = 6

 PEG-4 Dilaurate HLB = 6

 Methyl Glucose Sesquistearate HLB = 6.6

Lecithin HLB (variable) PEG-8 Dioleate HLB = 8

 Sorbitan Laurate HLB = 8.6

 PEG-40 Sorbitan Peroleate HLB = 9

 Laureth-4 HLB = 9.7

PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate HLB=10

 PEG-20 Almond Glycerides HLB = 10

 PEG-25 Hydrogenated Castor Oil HLB = 10.8

 Stearamide MEA HLB = 11

Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG-100 Stearate HLB = 11

 Polysorbate 85 HLB = 11

PEG-7 Olivate HLB = 11

 Cetearyl Glucoside HLB = 11

 PEG-8 Oleate HLB = 11.6

Polyglyceryl-3 Methyglucose Distearate = 12

 Oleth-10 HLB = 12.4

 Oleth-10 / Polyoxyl 10 Oleyl Ether NF HLB = 12.4

 Ceteth-10 HLB = 12.9

PEG-8 Laurate HLB = 13

 Cocamide MEA HLB = 13.5

 Polysorbate 60 NF HLB = 14.9

 Polysorbate 60 HLB = 14.9

 Polysorbate 80 HLB = 15

 Isosteareth-20 HLB = 15

PEG-60 Almond Glycerides HLB = 15

 Polysorbate 80 NF[HLB = 15

 PEG-20 Methyl Glucose Sesquistearate HLB = 15

 Ceteareth-20 HLB = 15.2

Oleth-20 HLB = 15.3

 Steareth-20 HLB = 15.3

Steareth-21 HLB = 15.5

Ceteth-20 HLB = 15.7

 soceteth-20 HLB = 15.7

Polysorbate 20 HLB = 16.7

 Polysorbate 20 NF HLB = 16.7

 Laureth-23 HLB = 16.9

 PEG-100 Stearate HLB = 18.8

Steareth-100 HLB = 18.8

PEG-80 Sorbitan Laurate HLB = 19.1 

Tablets for GPAT...-2

Tablets for GPAT...-2

TABLETS:

Minimum area required for tablet preparation: 30sq.m

Minimum area required for hard gelatin capsules: 20 sq.m

Minimum area required for parenteral preparations: 60sq.m

Minimum area required for wholesale drug store: 200 sq.m

Minimum area required for retail drug store: 150 sq.m

Drugs which are not used in tablet preparation 

      I.            Drugs which have low density. 

     II.            Drugs which have poor wetting property.

Methods for preparation of tablets:

        I.            Wet granulation   

       II.            Dry granulation   

      III.            Direct granulation

       In wet screening 12 – 20 microns mesh size is used.

LACTOSE: not used as diluent in spironolactone preparation because it increases bioavailability.

MANNITOL: used as diluent and binding agent in preparation of chewable tablet.

Enteric coating causes 1 -3% increase in weight of tablet.

Film coating causes 2 -6% increase in weight of tablet.

Sugar coating causes 50 % increase in weight of tablet.

Mixing in tablet preparation by: 

      I.            Mixer.   

     II.            Double cone mixer: speed 30 – 100 rpm.   

    III.            Planetary motion mixer: used to mix binding agent to drug.

Binding agents:   

      I.            Water : for hydrazable materials 

     II.            Alcohol – methanol

    III.            Acacia mucilage : 10 – 20% is used 

    IV.            Tragacanth mucilage : 10 – 20 % is used 

      V.            Starch mucilage: 5 – 10% is used. It improves intragranular adhesion. 

     VI.            Simple syrup : 66.6% w/w

                                          85% w/v

Every 2 grams of sucrose preserves 1gm of water from microbial attack.        

Artificial sweeteners:   

    I.            Saccharin sodium: 200 – 300 times sweeter than sucrose.   

    II.            Cyclamate: 30 times sweeter than sucrose. causes cancer

    III.           Aspartate: 200 times sweeter than sucrose. 

    IV.            Glycerol: it is glycogenic in nature, hence not used for diabetic patients.   

     V.            Xylitol: used in diabetic patients.

3% PVP in isopropyl alcohol used as binding agent in non – aqueous granulation.

Types of tablets:   '

    I.             Compressed tablets 

    II.            Multiple compressed tablets. 

  III.            Repeat action tablets: core tablet is coated with enteric polymer/ shellac. the second                                                           Dose of drug is added in sugar coating either in solution or

                                                        syrup   Form or as dusting powder. 

  IV.            Delayed and enteric coated tablets :

 All enteric coated tablets are delayed action tablets, not all delayed action tablets are enteric.   

  V.            Film coated tablet 

  VI.            Tablets used in oral cavity :

                     Buccal and sublingual tablet.

                     Lozenges.

                     Dental cones.

   VII.            Other routes:

                                           implantation tablets,

                                           vaginal tablets.

1. Tablets used to prepare solution

:Effervescent tablets

Dispensing tablet

Hypodermic tablets

Tablet triturates.

Different diluents used in tablets:

         I.            Starch :

For example: sta – Rx 1500: contain 10 % moisture.

Two hydrolyzed starches EMDEX and CELUTAB basically 90 – 92 % dextrose and 3 – 5% maltose. These materials are used in place of mannitol in chewable tablets because of their sweetness and smooth feeling in mouth.

       II.            Dextrose : trade name CERELOSE    III.            Sucrose :

                           For example: sugartab: 90 – 93% sucrose + 7 – 10% invert sugar.

                                                    Dipac       : 97% sucrose + 3% modified dextrins

                                                    Nutab      : 95% sucrose + 4% invert sugar

    IV.                            Microcrystalline cellulose : trade name : AVICEL

DISINTEGRANTS:

Starch 5 -20 % concentration. : PRIMOGEL AND EXPLOTAB.

Internally cross – linked polymer of sodium carboxy methyl cellulose: AC – Di – SOL

GLIDANTS:

Talc: 5% concentration

Corn starch: 5 – 10 % concentration.

Colloidal silica: cab – o – sil, syloid, aerosil: 0.25 – 3% concentration.

FLAVOURS:

The maximum amount of oil that can be added to granulation without influencing its tableting characteristics: 0.5 – 0.75%

EVALUATION OF TABLETS:

1.         i.            Flow property :

                             Angle of repose: tan ø = h/r

                             Angle of repose:               flow property

                                     < 25                             excellent flow property

                                        25 -30                        good flow property

                                        30 -40                         fair to possible.

                                  More than 40                    very poor.

Also see the Carrs index table and hessners ratio .

       ii.            Hardness test : the hardness must not be less than 4Kg/cm2.

     iii.            Friability :       the friability limit must not be more than 2%.

                          The working of Roche frailibilator is very imp and its dimensions.

      iv.            Disintegration : very imp

                   Uncoated tablets : should disintegrate within 15 min. by using water as medium.

                   Film coated tablets: disintegrate within 30 min by using water, adding disc to       

                                                     Each tube. (37 ± 2°C)

                   Other coated tablets: tablets should disintegrate within 60 min, by using water   

                                                      As medium.

                   Enteric coated tablets: 120 minutes in acidic medium.

                                                         60 minutes in mixed phosphate buffer medium.

                   Dispensable and soluble tablets : within 3 min. water as medium. Temp 24 -26°C.

                   Effervescent tablets : within 5 min as water. ( 20 - 30°C)

For uniformity of dispersion 710 µ mesh is used.

The dimensions and details of instruments used in evaluation of tablets and capsules are very imp. For GPAT  read them.

According to USP weight variation test is run by weighing 20 tablets.

Content uniformity test is performed by taking 30 tablets randomly.

Interaction of amine drugs with commonly used diluent lactose, in presence of metal stearate lubricant the resultant tablets gradually decolorized with time: this is called MAILLARD REACTION.

Anhydrous lactose does not show maillard reaction.

Crown thickness is measured by : micrometer and sliding caliper scale.

Processing problems are very imp read them from lachman.

classifiacation of anti-cancer agents

classifiacation of anti-cancer agents

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI – CANCER AGENTS:

 1.      ALKYLATING AGENTS:

1. NITROGEN MUSTARDS :  mechlorethanine

                                         Cyclophosphamide

                                         Ifosphamide

                                         Mephalan  

                                         Chlorambucil

 2.ETHYLENEIMINES AND METHYLMELANINE :   altretamine

                                                                            Thiotepa

 3.METHYL HYFRAZINE DERIVATIVE : procarbazine

4. ALKYL SULFONATE: busulfan

5. NITROSOUREAS : carmustine

                                  Lomustine

                                  Streptozocin : used in treatment of maligmnent pancreatic insulinoma

6.TRIAZENES:     dacarbazine : (DTIC)

                            Temozolomide.

 7. PLATINUM CO-ORDINATION COMPLEXES: cis platin

                                                                          Carboplatin

                                                                          Oxalipaltin

 2.      NATURAL PRODUCTS:

1. 1. VINCA ALKALOIDS : vinblastine

                                                         Vincristine

                                                         Vinorelbine

                  2.TAXANES : paclitaxel

                                        Docetaxel

                  3.EDIPODOPHYLLOTOXINS: etoposide

                                                                Teniposide

                   4.CAMPOTHECINS : topotecan

                                                    Irinotecan

3.ANTIBIOTICS:  dactinomycin (actinomycin –D)

                               Daunorubicin  (daunomycin)

                               Doxorubicin

 4. ANTHRACENEDIONE DERIVATIVES: mitoxantrone

                                                                     Bleomycin

                                                                     Mitomycin

 5.ENZYMES: L- asparaginase.

 6. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: bevacizumab

                                                        Cetuximab

                                                        Rituximab

                                                        Transtuzumab

 7.      ANTI – METABOLITES:

1. 1.   FOLIC ACIDS ANALOGS : methotrexate

                                                                   Pemetrexed.

                  2.PYRIMIDINE ANALOGS: 5 – flurouracil

                                                                 Capecitabine

                                                                 Cytarabine

                                                                 Gemcitabine

                 3.PURINE ANALOGS AND RELATED INHIBITORS: 6 – mercaptopurine

                                                                                                Pentostatin

                                                                                                  Cladribine

                                                                                                 Hudarobine.

8.      HORMONES AND ANTAGONISTS :

           ADRENOCORTICAL SUPPRESSANATS : mitotane

                                                                         Aminoglutethimide

          ADRENO CORTICOSTEROIDS : prednisone

          PROGESTINS: hydroxyl progesterone caproate

                                  Medroxy progesterone acetate

                                  Megestral acetate.

         ESTROGENS: diethyl stilbesterol

                               Ethinyl estradiol

        ANTI – ESTROGENS: tamoxifen

                                          Toremifene

        AROMATASE INHIBITORS : anastrazole

                                                     Letrozole

                                                     Exemestane.

        ANDROGENS : testosterone propionate

                                Fluoxymesterone

         ANTI – ANDROGEN : flutamide

                                           Cyprotrone

         GONADOTROPIN- releasing hormone analog : leuprolide.

 9.      MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS:

            SUBSITUITED UREA : hydroxyl urea

            DIFFERENCIAL AGENTS : tretinoin

                                                     Arsenic

                                                      Trioxide

           PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR: imatinib

                                                                             Gefitnib

                                                                              Erlotinib.

          PROTEASOME INHIBITOR : bortezomib

          BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS : interferon alpha

                                                                        Interleukin 2